- A molecule with the formula AB3 has one lone pair on atom A. What is the hybridization of atom A? Which element could atom A be?
- Methionine is shown below. What is the hybridization on each C, O, N, and S? How many total pi bonds are in this molecule?
- Draw the Lewis structure(s) of the phosphate polyatomic ion. Indicate the hybridization on the P atom. Also, indicate what the phosphorus-oxygen bond order is.
- Analysis of a compound indicates that it contains 77.55% Xe and 22.45% F by mass.
- What is the empirical formula of this compound?
- If you assume that the empirical formula is the same as the molecular formula, write a Lewis structure for the compound.
- Predict the shape of this molecule.
- What is the hybridization on the central atom?
- Draw the Lewis structure(s) of HNO2. What is the hybridization on all atoms besides H?
- a) Write the molecular electron configuration for each molecule; b) determine the bond order of each molecule; c) determine which molecule will have the shortest bond; and d) determine which molecule(s) if any are paramagnetic.
- H2, H2+, and H2–
ii. O2, O2+, and O2–
iii. N2, N2+, and N2–
- Explain why N22+ is diamagnetic and O24+ is paramagnetic even though they both have the same number of valence electrons.
- Rank the following bonds in order of increasing polarity: C-Br, C-Cl, C-F, and C-H.
- Draw the Lewis structure(s) of the following molecules. Include resonance structures if they exist.
- CO32-
- IF5
- CH3Br
- 6 points: Let us consider Zn:
- What is the electron configuration of Zn?
- What is the electron configuration of Zn2+?
- For the molecules whose Lewis structures are given below,
- Label the molecule as polar or non-polar, and show the direction of the net (molecular) dipole moment if one exists.
- Indicate the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry of the central atom.
ii.
- a. Draw the Lewis structure(s) of SO2.
b. What is the bond order of the SO bond based off your Lewis structure.
- A molecule AB3, where A and B represent two different atoms, has polar bonds and is nonpolar. What molecular geometry must this molecule be? What atom could atom A be?
- Draw the complete Lewis structure including resonance if applicable for OCN–. Show the formal charge on each atom.
- Rank the following in terms of atomic radii from smallest to largest and provide a brief explanation:
- Li, K, and Na
________ < ________ < ________
(smallest) (largest)
Explain:
- Ca2+, Ar, and Cl–
________ < ________ < ________
(smallest) (largest)
Explain:
- Let us think about first and second ionization energies.
- Does potassium (K) or calcium (Ca) have a higher first ionization energy (no explanation needed)?
- Describe why the second ionization energy of potassium (K) is much greater than the second ionization energy of calcium (Ca). Hint: think about electron configurations.
- Let us consider the element oxygen, O:
- How many valence electrons does O have? ________________
- How many core electrons does O have? _______________
- Below are various orbital diagrams of O. Circle the orbital diagram(s) below that are valid electron arrangements in the lowest energy state. In the space below, provide a brief explanation as to why certain orbital diagram(s) may be invalid.
- _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
1s 2s 2p
- _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
1s 2s 2p
- _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
1s 2s 2p
Explain why certain orbital(s) above are invalid:
- 6 points: Circle the radiation that corresponds to a higher energy in each pair (i.e. – circle one item in each row):
IR radiation | Gamma rays |
Absorption of an electron in the hydrogen atom from n=1 to n=3 | Absorption of an electron in the hydrogen atom from n=2 to n=4 |
Red light emitted | Blue light emitted |
- Answer the following questions:
- Sketch a p orbital. How do the three p orbitals in a subshell differ from one another?
- Can the electron occupying the orbital be outside of the region of space you have just sketched? Explain.
- Given the atoms Br, O, Rb, and S:
- Which has the highest ionization energy?
- Which has the largest atomic radius?
- What is the condensed electron configuration for phosphorus (P) in the ground state? How many valence electrons does P have?
- Give the four quantum numbers of the valence electrons present in Zr2+. ***There is more than one correct answer!
- Perform the following conversions:
- 2.50 x 10-22 J into Hz
- 276 nm into J
- 400.0 MHz into J
- 225 GHz into nm
- The quantum numbers of Planet X are exactly like ours, except ml takes on the values of -2l to +2l in steps of 1 Sketch the periodic table is it would appear on Planet X through element 52. How many electrons are in each subshell (s, p, d, and f)? What is the atomic number of the first element with an electron in a d orbital? THIS IS A VERY HARD PROBLEM AND NOTHING THIS HARD WILL BE ON THE TEST!
- For the H-atom, calculate the following:
- ΔE in J for the n=1 to n=2 transition.
- Λ in nm for the n=2 to n=3 transition.