NMR Assignment
Instructions: For each unknown compound in this assignment you are given the IR and NMR spectra for the compound on the pages that follow. Propose a structure for each of these unknown compounds. You will need to draw the structures of the compounds using a chemistry drawing program such as ChemDoodle or ChemDraw and paste them onto this first page where indicated. Alternatively, you can draw the structures by hand, scan this page, and upload as a pdf file to Canvas (It is not necessary to include the pages containing the spectra).
Unknown Compound 1 Structure:
Unknown Compound 2 Structure:
Unknown Compound 3 Structure:
Unknown Compound 4 Structure:
Unknown Compound 5 Structure:
Unknown Compound 1
Formula: C5H10O
Unknown Compound 2
Formula: C4H10O
Unknown Compound 3
Formula: C4H8O2
Unknown Compound 4
C10H14O
Unknown Compound 5
C8H14
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
A spectroscopic technique that gives us information about the number and types of atoms in a molecule, for example, about the number and types of:
-hydrogen atoms using 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
-carbon atoms using 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
The Basis of NMR
NMR is based on the absorption of radiowaves by certain atomic nuclei when the molecule is in a strong magnetic field
The nuclei of certain elements act as though they are magnets spinning about an axis
Nuclear Spin States
- An electron has a spin quantum number of 1/2 with allowed values of +1/2 and -1/2.
- This spinning charge has an associated magnetic field.
- In effect, an electron behaves as if it is a tiny bar magnet and has what is called a magnetic moment.
- The same effect holds for certain atomic nuclei.
- Any atomic nucleus that has an odd mass number, an odd atomic number, or both, also has a spin and a resulting nuclear magnetic moment.
Spinning proton resembles a tiny magnet
Nuclear Spins in B0
- Within a collection of 1H and 13C atoms, nuclear spins are completely random in orientation.
- When placed in a strong external magnetic field of strength B0, however, interaction between nuclear spins and the applied magnetic field is quantized. The result is that only certain orientations of nuclear magnetic moments are allowed.
Nuclear Spins in B0
–
for
1
H and
13
C, only two orientations are allowed.
Absorption of energy causes nuclear “spin flip”
b spin state a spin stateefixetledrBna0l
D
E
An NMR spectrometer supplies this energy in
The form of radio frequency (RF) radiation
The NMR Event- What Causes “Spin Flip”?
The combination of radio frequency and appled magnetic field causes the nuclei to “come into resonance”
Nuclear Spin in B0
- The energy difference between allowed spin states increases linearly with applied field strength.
- Values shown here are for 1H nuclei.
FT NMR Spectrometer
NMR Spectrometer
• Schematic diagram of a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer.
NMR Spectrometer
- Essentials of an NMR spectrometer are a powerful magnet, a radio-frequency generator, and a radio-frequency detector.
- The sample is dissolved in a solvent, most commonly CDCl3 or D2O, and placed in a sample tube which is then suspended in the magnetic field and the nuclei align themselves in the spin up or spin down orientation.
- The sample is then subjected to RF energy and all of the nuclei spin flip at once causing a complex signal that is then mathematically manipulated by “Fourier transforms (FT)” before it can be displayed as a peak on an NMR spectrum.
- Using a Fourier transform NMR (FT-NMR) spectrometer, a spectrum can be recorded in about 2 seconds.
NMR Spectrum
- 1H-NMR spectrum of methyl acetate.
–
High frequency:
The shift of an NMR signal to the left on the chart
paper.
–
Low frequency:
The shift of an NMR signal to the right on the
chart paper.
NMR Information
1H NMR spectrum contains 4 important pieces of information:
- Number of signals- how many different sets of non-equivalent protons are in the molecule
- Chemical shift- position of signal relative to TMS standard (zero ppm). Chemical shift determined by magnetic environment surrounding the proton.
- Integration- the relative ratio of non-equivalent protons in each signal.
- Signal splitting- number of peaks in a signal is determined by the n + 1 rule.
Equivalent Hydrogens
• Equivalent hydrogens: Hydrogens that have the same chemical environment.
– A molecule with 1 set of equivalent hydrogens gives 1 NMR signal.
OH3CC H3
C H3CCH3 ClCH2C H2C l
C
C
H3CC H3
Propanone 1,2-Dichloro- Cyclopentane 2,3-Dimethyl-
(Acetone) ethane 2-butene
Equivalent Hydrogens
– A molecule with 2 or more sets of equivalent hydrogens gives a different NMR signal for each
set.
CH3CHCl | O | C C H H | |
1,1-Dichloroethane (2 signals) | Cyclopentanone (2 signals) | (Z)-1-Chloropropene (3 signals) | Cyclohexene (3 signals) |
Cl ClCH3
Chemical Shift
– Signals are measured relative to the signal of the reference
compound tetramethylsilane (TMS).
CH3 CH3Si CH3 CH3
Tetramethylsilane (TMS)
- For a 1H-NMR spectrum, signals are reported by their shift from the 12 H signal in TMS.
- For a 13C-NMR spectrum, signals are reported by their shift from the 4 C signal in TMS.
- Chemical shift (d): The shift in ppm of an NMR signal from the signal of TMS.
Chemical Shift
H
a
H
e
H
a
i
s
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
t
o
m
a
n
d
i
s
d
e
s
h
i
e
l
d
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
d
o
w
n
f
i
e
l
d
.
H
e
i
s
s
h
i
e
l
d
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
u
p
f
i
e
l
d
.
u
p
f
i
e
l
d
d
o
w
n
f
i
e
l
d
C
H
3
O
C
H
2
O
C
H
2
H
b
C
H
2
C
H
3
H
a
H
c
H
d
H
e
p
p
m
Chemical Shift 6 regions of NMR spectrum
Table of Chemical Shifts
O
C
C
C
H
C
C
H
C
H
O
HHHH
C
C
C XC C H
OH
H RH allylic or saturated
H O vinyl Xor =h aOlo, gNe,n baceentzyylelincic adjacent to carbonyl
13 – 9.0 8.5 – 6.5 6.5 – 4.5 5.0 – 2.5 3.0 – 2.5 2.5 – 2.0 1.5 – 0
H 13 – 10 H 6.0 – 5.0 F >Cl >Br >I 3o >2o >1o
H 10.5 – 9.5 H 5.5 – 4.5 O 4.0 – 3.0
N 3.0 – 2.0
(ppm)
Chemical Shift
- Chemical shift depends on the (1) electronegativity of nearby atoms, (2) hybridization of adjacent atoms, and (3) diamagnetic effects from adjacent pi bonds.
- Electronegativity Electroneg- Chemical
CH3-X ativity of X Shift (δ)
CH3F 4.0 4.26 CH3OH 3.5 3.47
CH3Cl 3.1 3.05
CH3Br 2.8 2.68 CH3I 2.5 2.16
(CH3)4C 2.1 0.86
(CH3)4Si 1.8 0.00
Chemical Shift due to electron withdrawing effect
3
.
2
p
p
m
3
.
5
p
p
m
3
.
7
p
p
m
4
.
4
p
p
m
C
H
3
C
H
2
–
N
O
2
C
H
3
C
H
2
–
C
l
C
H
3
C
H
2
–
I
C
H
3
C
H
2
–
O
H
triplet and quartet = ethyl pattern
Integration of Peaks
The red curves represent the peak areas ( integration)
C
H
3
O
C
H
2
O
C
H
2
H
b
C
H
2
C
H
3
H
a
H
c
H
d
H
e
H
a
H
b
H
e
m
e
t
h
y
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
3
p
r
o
t
o
n
s
C
H
2
g
r
o
u
p
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
2
p
r
o
t
o
n
s
Splitting Patterns: n+1 Rule
- A signal is split into multiple peaks by adjacent protons.
- Splitting occurs only between nonequivalent protons.
- The signal is split into n+1 peaks, where n = the number of adjacent protons
Peak Splitting
The (n+1) rule indicates the number of protons attached to
O neighboring carbon atoms
C
H
3
O
C
H
2
C
H
2
H
b
C
H
2
C
H
3
H
a
H
c
H
d
H
e
H
a
H
b
H
e
A triplet indicates there are 2
protons on adjacent carbon
atom
A singlet indicates there
are no protons on adjacent
carbon atom
S
h
i
f
t
S
i
g
n
a
l
S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g
3
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
Splitting Pattern for 1,1,2-tribromoethane
1,1,2-tribromoethane
B
r
C
C
B
r
B
r
H
a
H
b
H
b
H
a
H
b
H
b
i
s
s
p
l
i
t
b
y
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
H
a
p
r
o
t
o
n
.
H
b
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
s
p
l
i
t
i
n
t
o
a
d
o
u
b
l
e
t
.
H
a
i
s
s
p
l
i
t
b
y
a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
H
b
p
r
o
t
o
n
s
.
H
a
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
s
p
l
i
t
i
n
t
o
a
t
r
i
p
l
e
t
b
y
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
(
n
+
1
r
u
l
e
)
.
Splitting Pattern for 1,1,2-trichloroethane
NMR spectrum of p-xylene (no signal splitting)
Interpreting Spectra
- Determine degrees of unsaturation (IHD) from molecular formula
- Count the # of signals to determine # of distinct proton environments
- Look for diagnostic chemical shifts
- Look for relative ratios (integration)
- Analyze splitting patterns
C3H7I
C2H4Cl2
C3H6Cl2